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p{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:1rem;}.progress-bar{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:3px;background:var(--accent);z-index:200;transition:width .1s linear;width:0%;}#back-top{position:fixed;bottom:2rem;right:2rem;background:var(--green);color:#fff;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:50%;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.1rem;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(26,122,74,.35);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s,transform .25s;pointer-events:none;}#back-top.visible{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;}#back-top:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);}@media(max-width:720px){.page-wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.sidebar{position:static;display:none;}.hero::before{display:none;}nav .nav-links{display:none;}}<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n<div class=\"progress-bar\" id=\"progress\"><\/div>\r\n<nav><div class=\"nav-brand\">Pak <span>Notes Hub<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nav-links\"><a href=\"#unit-1\">Mechanics<\/a><a href=\"#unit-4\">Electricity<\/a><a href=\"#unit-7\">Waves<\/a><\/div><\/nav>\r\n<section class=\"hero\"><div class=\"hero-tag\">\u26a1 DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 122<\/div><h1>Physics<br\/><span>Complete Notes \u2014 Easy English<\/span><\/h1><p>Mechanics \u00b7 Thermodynamics \u00b7 Electricity \u00b7 Waves \u00b7 Complete Curriculum<\/p><div class=\"hero-pills\"><div class=\"pill\">Forces & Motion<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Electricity<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Waves & Optics<\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"page-wrap\"><aside class=\"sidebar\"><div class=\"sidebar-title\">\ud83d\udd2c Table of Contents<\/div><ul class=\"toc-list\"><li><a href=\"#unit-1\"><span class=\"toc-num\">1<\/span> Mechanics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-2\"><span class=\"toc-num\">2<\/span> Work & Energy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-3\"><span class=\"toc-num\">3<\/span> Thermodynamics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-4\"><span class=\"toc-num\">4<\/span> Electricity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-5\"><span class=\"toc-num\">5<\/span> Magnetism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-6\"><span class=\"toc-num\">6<\/span> Electromagnetism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-7\"><span class=\"toc-num\">7<\/span> Waves & Sound<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-8\"><span class=\"toc-num\">8<\/span> Light & Optics<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/aside><main><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-1\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 1<\/div><h2>Mechanics - Forces and Motion<\/h2><p>Newton's Laws and Kinematics<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Newton's First Law<\/h3><p>Object in motion stays in motion; object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by force.<\/p><h3>Newton's Second Law<\/h3><p>F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration)<\/p><h3>Newton's Third Law<\/h3><p>For every action, there is equal and opposite reaction.<\/p><h3>Kinematic Equations<\/h3><ul><li>v = u + at<\/li><li>s = ut + \u00bdat\u00b2<\/li><li>v\u00b2 = u\u00b2 + 2as<\/li><\/ul><h3>Types of Motion<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Type<\/th><th>Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Uniform<\/td><td>Constant velocity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non-uniform<\/td><td>Changing velocity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Circular<\/td><td>Constant speed, changing direction<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Solve problems using Newton's Laws and kinematics<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-2\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 2<\/div><h2>Work, Energy and Power<\/h2><p>Fundamental Concepts<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Work Definition<\/h3><p>W = F\u00b7d\u00b7cos\u03b8 (Force \u00d7 displacement \u00d7 angle)<\/p><h3>Forms of Energy<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Kinetic:<\/strong> KE = \u00bdmv\u00b2<\/li><li><strong>Potential:<\/strong> PE = mgh<\/li><li><strong>Elastic:<\/strong> Stored in springs<\/li><li><strong>Thermal:<\/strong> Heat energy<\/li><\/ul><h3>Conservation of Energy<\/h3><p>Total mechanical energy remains constant if no external forces act.<\/p><h3>Power<\/h3><p>P = W\/t (Power = Work \/ Time)<br>Unit: Watt (W) = Joule\/second<\/p><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Calculate work, energy, and power in systems<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-3\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 3<\/div><h2>Thermodynamics<\/h2><p>Heat and Temperature<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Temperature vs Heat<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Temperature:<\/strong> Measure of particle motion<\/li><li><strong>Heat:<\/strong> Transfer of thermal energy<\/li><\/ul><h3>Laws of Thermodynamics<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Law<\/th><th>Statement<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Zeroth<\/td><td>Thermal equilibrium concept<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>First<\/td><td>Energy conservation (Q = \u0394U + W)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Second<\/td><td>Entropy always increases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third<\/td><td>Absolute zero unattainable<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Heat Transfer Methods<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Conduction:<\/strong> Direct contact<\/li><li><strong>Convection:<\/strong> Fluid movement<\/li><li><strong>Radiation:<\/strong> Electromagnetic waves<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Apply thermodynamic principles to real systems<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-4\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 4<\/div><h2>Electricity - Charge and Current<\/h2><p>Fundamental Concepts<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Electric Charge<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Positive:<\/strong> Protons<\/li><li><strong>Negative:<\/strong> Electrons<\/li><li><strong>Unit:<\/strong> Coulomb (C)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Coulomb's Law<\/h3><p>F = k(q\u2081q\u2082)\/r\u00b2 (Force between charges)<\/p><h3>Electric Current<\/h3><p>I = Q\/t (Charge per unit time)<br>Unit: Ampere (A)<\/p><h3>Resistance<\/h3><p>R = \u03c1L\/A (Resistivity \u00d7 length \/ area)<br>Ohm's Law: V = IR<\/p><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Component<\/th><th>Symbol<\/th><th>Unit<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Voltage<\/td><td>V<\/td><td>Volt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Current<\/td><td>I<\/td><td>Ampere<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance<\/td><td>R<\/td><td>Ohm<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Calculate electrical quantities in circuits<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-5\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 5<\/div><h2>Magnetism<\/h2><p>Magnetic Fields and Properties<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Magnetic Poles<\/h3><ul><li><strong>North Pole:<\/strong> Attracts south<\/li><li><strong>South Pole:<\/strong> Attracts north<\/li><li>Opposite poles attract; same poles repel<\/li><\/ul><h3>Magnetic Field<\/h3><p>Region where magnetic force acts on moving charges or magnetic materials.<\/p><h3>Earth's Magnetic Field<\/h3><ul><li>Protects from solar radiation<\/li><li>Geographic north \u2260 Magnetic north<\/li><li>Declination varies by location<\/li><\/ul><h3>Applications<\/h3><ul><li>Compasses for navigation<\/li><li>Motors and generators<\/li><li>Medical imaging (MRI)<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Analyze magnetic field patterns and forces<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-6\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 6<\/div><h2>Electromagnetism<\/h2><p>Connection Between Electricity and Magnetism<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Electromagnetic Induction<\/h3><p>Moving magnetic field induces electric current.<\/p><h3>Faraday's Law<\/h3><p>\u03b5 = -d\u03a6\/dt (Induced EMF proportional to flux change)<\/p><h3>Lenz's Law<\/h3><p>Induced current opposes the change causing it.<\/p><h3>Electromagnetic Spectrum<\/h3><ul><li>Radio waves (longest)<\/li><li>Microwaves, Infrared<\/li><li>Visible light<\/li><li>Ultraviolet, X-rays<\/li><li>Gamma rays (shortest)<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Solve electromagnetic induction problems<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-7\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 7<\/div><h2>Waves and Sound<\/h2><p>Wave Properties and Behavior<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Wave Properties<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Wavelength (\u03bb):<\/strong> Distance between crests<\/li><li><strong>Frequency (f):<\/strong> Waves per second<\/li><li><strong>Amplitude:<\/strong> Maximum displacement<\/li><li><strong>Period (T):<\/strong> Time for one cycle<\/li><\/ul><h3>Wave Equation<\/h3><p>v = f\u03bb (Velocity = frequency \u00d7 wavelength)<\/p><h3>Sound Waves<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Property<\/th><th>Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Speed in air (20\u00b0C)<\/td><td>343 m\/s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Speed in water<\/td><td>1480 m\/s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Frequency range (human)<\/td><td>20 Hz - 20,000 Hz<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Wave Phenomena<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Reflection:<\/strong> Bounces off surface<\/li><li><strong>Refraction:<\/strong> Bends at boundary<\/li><li><strong>Interference:<\/strong> Waves combine<\/li><li><strong>Diffraction:<\/strong> Spreads around obstacle<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Calculate wave properties and analyze interference<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-8\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 8<\/div><h2>Light and Optics<\/h2><p>Properties of Light<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Nature of Light<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Wave:<\/strong> Exhibits interference, diffraction<\/li><li><strong>Particle:<\/strong> Exhibits photoelectric effect<\/li><li>Speed: 3\u00d710\u2078 m\/s (vacuum)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Laws of Reflection<\/h3><ul><li>Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection<\/li><li>Incident ray, reflected ray, normal are coplanar<\/li><\/ul><h3>Refraction<\/h3><p>Snell's Law: n\u2081sin\u03b8\u2081 = n\u2082sin\u03b8\u2082<br>n = refractive index<\/p><h3>Optical Devices<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Device<\/th><th>Purpose<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lens<\/td><td>Converge\/diverge light<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mirror<\/td><td>Reflect light<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prism<\/td><td>Disperse light<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Solve lens and mirror problems using optics principles<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"congrats\"><h2>\u2728 Congratulations!<\/h2><p>You've completed Physics! Understand the laws of nature and universe.<\/p><\/div><\/main><\/div>\r\n<button id=\"back-top\" onclick=\"window.scrollTo({top:0,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2191<\/button>\r\n<script>const progress=document.getElementById('progress');window.addEventListener('scroll',()=>{const scrollPercent=(window.scrollY\/(document.documentElement.scrollHeight-window.innerHeight))*100;progress.style.width=scrollPercent+'%';document.getElementById('back-top').classList.toggle('visible',window.scrollY>400);});document.querySelectorAll('.unit').forEach(unit=>{const observer=new IntersectionObserver(entries=>{entries.forEach(entry=>{if(entry.isIntersecting){const id=entry.target.id;document.querySelectorAll('.toc-list a').forEach(a=>{a.classList.toggle('active',a.href.endsWith(id));});}});},{rootMargin:'-20% 0px -70% 0px'});observer.observe(unit);});<\/script>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physics (122) \u2013 DAE Mechanical 1st Year \u2013 Pak Notes Hub Pak Notes HubMechanicsElectricityWaves \u26a1 DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 122 PhysicsComplete Notes \u2014 Easy English Mechanics \u00b7 Thermodynamics \u00b7 Electricity \u00b7 Waves \u00b7 Complete Curriculum Forces & MotionElectricityWaves & Optics \ud83d\udd2c Table of Contents 1 Mechanics 2 Work & Energy 3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_angie_page":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-662","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=662"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":666,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662\/revisions\/666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=662"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=662"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=662"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n Physics (122) \u2013 DAE Mechanical 1st Year \u2013 Pak Notes Hub<\/title>\r\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Fira+Code:wght@400;500&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\/><style>*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0;}:root{--green:#1a7a4a;--green-dark:#145f38;--green-light:#e8f5ee;--teal:#17a589;--accent:#f0b127;--dark:#1c2833;--mid:#566573;--light:#f4f6f7;--code-bg:#f0f4f8;--code-border:#2e86c1;--note-bg:#fef9e7;--note-border:#f0b127;--white:#ffffff;--radius:10px;--shadow:0 4px 24px rgba(26,122,74,.10);}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;}body{font-family:'Inter',sans-serif;background:#f2f6f3;color:var(--dark);line-height:1.7;font-size:15px;}nav{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100;background:var(--green-dark);padding:0 2rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;height:56px;box-shadow:0 2px 12px 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p{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:1rem;}.progress-bar{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:3px;background:var(--accent);z-index:200;transition:width .1s linear;width:0%;}#back-top{position:fixed;bottom:2rem;right:2rem;background:var(--green);color:#fff;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:50%;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.1rem;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(26,122,74,.35);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s,transform .25s;pointer-events:none;}#back-top.visible{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;}#back-top:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);}@media(max-width:720px){.page-wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.sidebar{position:static;display:none;}.hero::before{display:none;}nav .nav-links{display:none;}}<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n<div class=\"progress-bar\" id=\"progress\"><\/div>\r\n<nav><div class=\"nav-brand\">Pak <span>Notes Hub<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nav-links\"><a href=\"#unit-1\">Mechanics<\/a><a href=\"#unit-4\">Electricity<\/a><a href=\"#unit-7\">Waves<\/a><\/div><\/nav>\r\n<section class=\"hero\"><div class=\"hero-tag\">\u26a1 DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 122<\/div><h1>Physics<br\/><span>Complete Notes \u2014 Easy English<\/span><\/h1><p>Mechanics \u00b7 Thermodynamics \u00b7 Electricity \u00b7 Waves \u00b7 Complete Curriculum<\/p><div class=\"hero-pills\"><div class=\"pill\">Forces & Motion<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Electricity<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Waves & Optics<\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"page-wrap\"><aside class=\"sidebar\"><div class=\"sidebar-title\">\ud83d\udd2c Table of Contents<\/div><ul class=\"toc-list\"><li><a href=\"#unit-1\"><span class=\"toc-num\">1<\/span> Mechanics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-2\"><span class=\"toc-num\">2<\/span> Work & Energy<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-3\"><span class=\"toc-num\">3<\/span> Thermodynamics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-4\"><span class=\"toc-num\">4<\/span> Electricity<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-5\"><span class=\"toc-num\">5<\/span> Magnetism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-6\"><span class=\"toc-num\">6<\/span> Electromagnetism<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-7\"><span class=\"toc-num\">7<\/span> Waves & Sound<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-8\"><span class=\"toc-num\">8<\/span> Light & Optics<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/aside><main><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-1\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 1<\/div><h2>Mechanics - Forces and Motion<\/h2><p>Newton's Laws and Kinematics<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Newton's First Law<\/h3><p>Object in motion stays in motion; object at rest stays at rest unless acted upon by force.<\/p><h3>Newton's Second Law<\/h3><p>F = ma (Force equals mass times acceleration)<\/p><h3>Newton's Third Law<\/h3><p>For every action, there is equal and opposite reaction.<\/p><h3>Kinematic Equations<\/h3><ul><li>v = u + at<\/li><li>s = ut + \u00bdat\u00b2<\/li><li>v\u00b2 = u\u00b2 + 2as<\/li><\/ul><h3>Types of Motion<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Type<\/th><th>Definition<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Uniform<\/td><td>Constant velocity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Non-uniform<\/td><td>Changing velocity<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Circular<\/td><td>Constant speed, changing direction<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Solve problems using Newton's Laws and kinematics<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-2\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 2<\/div><h2>Work, Energy and Power<\/h2><p>Fundamental Concepts<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Work Definition<\/h3><p>W = F\u00b7d\u00b7cos\u03b8 (Force \u00d7 displacement \u00d7 angle)<\/p><h3>Forms of Energy<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Kinetic:<\/strong> KE = \u00bdmv\u00b2<\/li><li><strong>Potential:<\/strong> PE = mgh<\/li><li><strong>Elastic:<\/strong> Stored in springs<\/li><li><strong>Thermal:<\/strong> Heat energy<\/li><\/ul><h3>Conservation of Energy<\/h3><p>Total mechanical energy remains constant if no external forces act.<\/p><h3>Power<\/h3><p>P = W\/t (Power = Work \/ Time)<br>Unit: Watt (W) = Joule\/second<\/p><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Calculate work, energy, and power in systems<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-3\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 3<\/div><h2>Thermodynamics<\/h2><p>Heat and Temperature<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Temperature vs Heat<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Temperature:<\/strong> Measure of particle motion<\/li><li><strong>Heat:<\/strong> Transfer of thermal energy<\/li><\/ul><h3>Laws of Thermodynamics<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Law<\/th><th>Statement<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Zeroth<\/td><td>Thermal equilibrium concept<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>First<\/td><td>Energy conservation (Q = \u0394U + W)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Second<\/td><td>Entropy always increases<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Third<\/td><td>Absolute zero unattainable<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Heat Transfer Methods<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Conduction:<\/strong> Direct contact<\/li><li><strong>Convection:<\/strong> Fluid movement<\/li><li><strong>Radiation:<\/strong> Electromagnetic waves<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Apply thermodynamic principles to real systems<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-4\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 4<\/div><h2>Electricity - Charge and Current<\/h2><p>Fundamental Concepts<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Electric Charge<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Positive:<\/strong> Protons<\/li><li><strong>Negative:<\/strong> Electrons<\/li><li><strong>Unit:<\/strong> Coulomb (C)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Coulomb's Law<\/h3><p>F = k(q\u2081q\u2082)\/r\u00b2 (Force between charges)<\/p><h3>Electric Current<\/h3><p>I = Q\/t (Charge per unit time)<br>Unit: Ampere (A)<\/p><h3>Resistance<\/h3><p>R = \u03c1L\/A (Resistivity \u00d7 length \/ area)<br>Ohm's Law: V = IR<\/p><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Component<\/th><th>Symbol<\/th><th>Unit<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Voltage<\/td><td>V<\/td><td>Volt<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Current<\/td><td>I<\/td><td>Ampere<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Resistance<\/td><td>R<\/td><td>Ohm<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Calculate electrical quantities in circuits<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-5\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 5<\/div><h2>Magnetism<\/h2><p>Magnetic Fields and Properties<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Magnetic Poles<\/h3><ul><li><strong>North Pole:<\/strong> Attracts south<\/li><li><strong>South Pole:<\/strong> Attracts north<\/li><li>Opposite poles attract; same poles repel<\/li><\/ul><h3>Magnetic Field<\/h3><p>Region where magnetic force acts on moving charges or magnetic materials.<\/p><h3>Earth's Magnetic Field<\/h3><ul><li>Protects from solar radiation<\/li><li>Geographic north \u2260 Magnetic north<\/li><li>Declination varies by location<\/li><\/ul><h3>Applications<\/h3><ul><li>Compasses for navigation<\/li><li>Motors and generators<\/li><li>Medical imaging (MRI)<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Analyze magnetic field patterns and forces<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-6\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 6<\/div><h2>Electromagnetism<\/h2><p>Connection Between Electricity and Magnetism<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Electromagnetic Induction<\/h3><p>Moving magnetic field induces electric current.<\/p><h3>Faraday's Law<\/h3><p>\u03b5 = -d\u03a6\/dt (Induced EMF proportional to flux change)<\/p><h3>Lenz's Law<\/h3><p>Induced current opposes the change causing it.<\/p><h3>Electromagnetic Spectrum<\/h3><ul><li>Radio waves (longest)<\/li><li>Microwaves, Infrared<\/li><li>Visible light<\/li><li>Ultraviolet, X-rays<\/li><li>Gamma rays (shortest)<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Solve electromagnetic induction problems<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-7\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 7<\/div><h2>Waves and Sound<\/h2><p>Wave Properties and Behavior<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Wave Properties<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Wavelength (\u03bb):<\/strong> Distance between crests<\/li><li><strong>Frequency (f):<\/strong> Waves per second<\/li><li><strong>Amplitude:<\/strong> Maximum displacement<\/li><li><strong>Period (T):<\/strong> Time for one cycle<\/li><\/ul><h3>Wave Equation<\/h3><p>v = f\u03bb (Velocity = frequency \u00d7 wavelength)<\/p><h3>Sound Waves<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Property<\/th><th>Value<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Speed in air (20\u00b0C)<\/td><td>343 m\/s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Speed in water<\/td><td>1480 m\/s<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Frequency range (human)<\/td><td>20 Hz - 20,000 Hz<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Wave Phenomena<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Reflection:<\/strong> Bounces off surface<\/li><li><strong>Refraction:<\/strong> Bends at boundary<\/li><li><strong>Interference:<\/strong> Waves combine<\/li><li><strong>Diffraction:<\/strong> Spreads around obstacle<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Calculate wave properties and analyze interference<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-8\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 8<\/div><h2>Light and Optics<\/h2><p>Properties of Light<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Nature of Light<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Wave:<\/strong> Exhibits interference, diffraction<\/li><li><strong>Particle:<\/strong> Exhibits photoelectric effect<\/li><li>Speed: 3\u00d710\u2078 m\/s (vacuum)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Laws of Reflection<\/h3><ul><li>Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection<\/li><li>Incident ray, reflected ray, normal are coplanar<\/li><\/ul><h3>Refraction<\/h3><p>Snell's Law: n\u2081sin\u03b8\u2081 = n\u2082sin\u03b8\u2082<br>n = refractive index<\/p><h3>Optical Devices<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Device<\/th><th>Purpose<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Lens<\/td><td>Converge\/diverge light<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Mirror<\/td><td>Reflect light<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Prism<\/td><td>Disperse light<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Solve lens and mirror problems using optics principles<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"congrats\"><h2>\u2728 Congratulations!<\/h2><p>You've completed Physics! Understand the laws of nature and universe.<\/p><\/div><\/main><\/div>\r\n<button id=\"back-top\" onclick=\"window.scrollTo({top:0,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2191<\/button>\r\n<script>const progress=document.getElementById('progress');window.addEventListener('scroll',()=>{const scrollPercent=(window.scrollY\/(document.documentElement.scrollHeight-window.innerHeight))*100;progress.style.width=scrollPercent+'%';document.getElementById('back-top').classList.toggle('visible',window.scrollY>400);});document.querySelectorAll('.unit').forEach(unit=>{const observer=new IntersectionObserver(entries=>{entries.forEach(entry=>{if(entry.isIntersecting){const id=entry.target.id;document.querySelectorAll('.toc-list a').forEach(a=>{a.classList.toggle('active',a.href.endsWith(id));});}});},{rootMargin:'-20% 0px -70% 0px'});observer.observe(unit);});<\/script>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physics (122) \u2013 DAE Mechanical 1st Year \u2013 Pak Notes Hub Pak Notes HubMechanicsElectricityWaves \u26a1 DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 122 PhysicsComplete Notes \u2014 Easy English Mechanics \u00b7 Thermodynamics \u00b7 Electricity \u00b7 Waves \u00b7 Complete Curriculum Forces & MotionElectricityWaves & Optics \ud83d\udd2c Table of Contents 1 Mechanics 2 Work & Energy 3 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_angie_page":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-662","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=662"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":666,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/662\/revisions\/666"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=662"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=662"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=662"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}