Technical Drawing (113) \u2013 DAE Mechanical 1st Year \u2013 Pak Notes Hub<\/title>\r\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Fira+Code:wght@400;500&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\/><style>*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0;}:root{--green:#1a7a4a;--green-dark:#145f38;--green-light:#e8f5ee;--teal:#17a589;--accent:#f0b127;--dark:#1c2833;--mid:#566573;--light:#f4f6f7;--code-bg:#f0f4f8;--code-border:#2e86c1;--note-bg:#fef9e7;--note-border:#f0b127;--white:#ffffff;--radius:10px;--shadow:0 4px 24px rgba(26,122,74,.10);}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;}body{font-family:'Inter',sans-serif;background:#f2f6f3;color:var(--dark);line-height:1.7;font-size:15px;}nav{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100;background:var(--green-dark);padding:0 2rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;height:56px;box-shadow:0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.25);}.nav-brand{color:#fff;font-weight:700;font-size:1.05rem;}.nav-brand span{color:#a9dfbf;}.nav-links{display:flex;gap:1.2rem;}.nav-links a{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:.85rem;font-weight:500;text-decoration:none;transition:color .2s;}.nav-links a:hover{color:#fff;}.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--green) 0%,#145f38 60%,#0d4527 100%);padding:5rem 2rem 4rem;text-align:center;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}.hero::before{content:'\u270f\ufe0f';position:absolute;right:6%;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);font-size:8rem;color:rgba(255,255,255,.06);pointer-events:none;}.hero-tag{display:inline-block;background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);color:#a9dfbf;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.35rem 1rem;border-radius:100px;margin-bottom:1.2rem;border:1px solid rgba(169,223,163,.3);}.hero h1{color:#fff;font-size:clamp(1.8rem,5vw,3rem);font-weight:700;line-height:1.15;margin-bottom:.8rem;}.hero h1 span{color:#a9dfbf;}.hero p{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:1.05rem;max-width:580px;margin:0 auto 2rem;}.hero-pills{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:.7rem;}.pill{background:rgba(255,255,255,.13);color:#e8f5ee;padding:.45rem 1.1rem;border-radius:100px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:500;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.18);}.page-wrap{max-width:940px;margin:0 auto;padding:2.5rem 1.5rem 4rem;display:grid;grid-template-columns:235px 1fr;gap:2.5rem;align-items:start;}.sidebar{position:sticky;top:72px;background:var(--white);border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:var(--shadow);overflow:hidden;}.sidebar-title{background:var(--green);color:#fff;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;}.toc-list{list-style:none;padding:.5rem 0;max-height:calc(100vh - 130px);overflow-y:auto;}.toc-list li a{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.55rem;padding:.4rem 1.1rem;color:var(--mid);font-size:.81rem;font-weight:500;text-decoration:none;transition:all .18s;border-left:3px solid transparent;}.toc-list li a:hover,.toc-list li a.active{color:var(--green);background:var(--green-light);border-left-color:var(--green);}.toc-num{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:4px;background:var(--green-light);color:var(--green);font-size:.7rem;font-weight:700;flex-shrink:0;}.toc-list li a.active .toc-num{background:var(--green);color:#fff;}.unit{background:var(--white);border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:var(--shadow);margin-bottom:2.5rem;overflow:hidden;scroll-margin-top:72px;}.unit-header{background:linear-gradient(100deg,var(--green) 0%,#1d9560 100%);padding:1.4rem 1.8rem;}.unit-num-badge{background:rgba(255,255,255,.18);color:#a9dfbf;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.3rem .75rem;border-radius:100px;}.unit-header h2{color:#fff;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.25;margin-top:.35rem;}.unit-header p{color:#c8f0d8;font-size:.85rem;margin-top:.2rem;}.unit-body{padding:1.8rem;}.unit-body h3{font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--green);margin:1.6rem 0 .7rem;padding-left:.85rem;border-left:3px solid var(--green);line-height:1.3;}.unit-body h3:first-child{margin-top:0;}.unit-body p{color:var(--dark);margin-bottom:.7rem;}.unit-body ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:.5rem 0 1rem;}.unit-body ul li{padding:.3rem 0 .3rem 1.5rem;position:relative;color:var(--dark);font-size:.93rem;}.unit-body ul li::before{content:'\u27a4';position:absolute;left:0;color:var(--teal);font-size:.75rem;top:.45rem;}.data-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:.9rem 0 1.2rem;font-size:.87rem;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.06);}.data-table thead th{background:var(--green);color:#fff;padding:.7rem 1rem;text-align:left;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;}.data-table tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:var(--green-light);}.data-table tbody tr:hover{background:#d4efdf;}.data-table td{padding:.6rem 1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #dce8e0;vertical-align:top;}.data-table td:first-child{font-weight:600;color:var(--green-dark);}.info-box{background:var(--note-bg);border:1px solid var(--note-border);border-radius:7px;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;margin:.9rem 0;font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.6;color:#7d6608;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:.7rem;}.practice{background:var(--green-light);border:1.5px dashed var(--green);border-radius:8px;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;margin-top:1.4rem;color:var(--green-dark);font-size:.88rem;font-weight:500;}.congrats{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--green) 0%,#145f38 100%);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:2.5rem 2rem;text-align:center;color:#fff;margin-bottom:2.5rem;box-shadow:var(--shadow);}.congrats h2{font-size:1.8rem;margin-bottom:.5rem;}.congrats p{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:1rem;}.progress-bar{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:3px;background:var(--accent);z-index:200;transition:width .1s linear;width:0%;}#back-top{position:fixed;bottom:2rem;right:2rem;background:var(--green);color:#fff;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:50%;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.1rem;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(26,122,74,.35);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s,transform .25s;pointer-events:none;}#back-top.visible{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;}#back-top:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);}@media(max-width:720px){.page-wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.sidebar{position:static;display:none;}.hero::before{display:none;}nav .nav-links{display:none;}}<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n<div class=\"progress-bar\" id=\"progress\"><\/div>\r\n<nav><div class=\"nav-brand\">Pak <span>Notes Hub<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nav-links\"><a href=\"#unit-1\">Basics<\/a><a href=\"#unit-3\">Projections<\/a><a href=\"#unit-6\">CAD<\/a><\/div><\/nav>\r\n<section class=\"hero\"><div class=\"hero-tag\">\u270f\ufe0f DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 113<\/div><h1>Technical Drawing<br\/><span>Complete Notes \u2014 Easy English<\/span><\/h1><p>Orthographic Projection \u00b7 Dimensioning \u00b7 Engineering Symbols \u00b7 CAD Basics \u00b7 Complete Curriculum<\/p><div class=\"hero-pills\"><div class=\"pill\">Drawing Standards<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Orthographic Views<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Technical CAD<\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"page-wrap\"><aside class=\"sidebar\"><div class=\"sidebar-title\">\ud83d\udcd0 Table of Contents<\/div><ul class=\"toc-list\"><li><a href=\"#unit-1\"><span class=\"toc-num\">1<\/span> Drawing Basics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-2\"><span class=\"toc-num\">2<\/span> Lines & Lettering<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-3\"><span class=\"toc-num\">3<\/span> Orthographic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-4\"><span class=\"toc-num\">4<\/span> Dimensioning<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-5\"><span class=\"toc-num\">5<\/span> Symbols<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-6\"><span class=\"toc-num\">6<\/span> CAD Basics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-7\"><span class=\"toc-num\">7<\/span> Sectional Views<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-8\"><span class=\"toc-num\">8<\/span> Detail Drawing<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/aside><main><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-1\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 1<\/div><h2>Drawing Fundamentals<\/h2><p>Basic Concepts and Tools<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Drawing Definition<\/h3><p>Technical drawing is a precise way to show objects using lines, symbols, and dimensions.<\/p><h3>Types of Technical Drawings<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Freehand Sketches:<\/strong> Quick ideas without instruments<\/li><li><strong>Mechanical Drawings:<\/strong> Precise with scales and instruments<\/li><li><strong>CAD Drawings:<\/strong> Created using computer software<\/li><\/ul><h3>Drawing Tools<\/h3><ul><li>Pencils (HB, H, 2H for different line weights)<\/li><li>Compass (circles and arcs)<\/li><li>Ruler and scale (measurements)<\/li><li>Set square (angles)<\/li><li>Protractor (angle measurement)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Standards and Scales<\/h3><ul><li><strong>ISO Standards:<\/strong> International drawing standards<\/li><li><strong>Common Scales:<\/strong> 1:1 (full size), 1:2, 1:10, 2:1<\/li><\/ul><h3>Paper Sizes<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Size<\/th><th>Dimensions (mm)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A4<\/td><td>210 \u00d7 297<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A3<\/td><td>297 \u00d7 420<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A2<\/td><td>420 \u00d7 594<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Draw with proper tools and maintain standards<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-2\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 2<\/div><h2>Lines and Lettering<\/h2><p>Drawing Elements<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Line Types and Uses<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"300\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 300\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Standard Line Types in Technical Drawing<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"70\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"75\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Continuous Thick - Visible Edges<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"110\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Continuous Thin - Dimensions<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"15,8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"155\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Dashed - Hidden Edges<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"30,5,5,5\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"195\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Chain (Dot-Dash) - Center Lines<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"230\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"230\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"40,5,5,5,5,5\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Chain Thick - Cutting Plane<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"270\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"270\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2,3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"275\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Dotted - Construction Lines<\/text>\r\n<\/svg>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Line Type<\/th><th>Appearance<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Continuous Thick<\/td><td>Solid, bold<\/td><td>Visible edges<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuous Thin<\/td><td>Solid, fine<\/td><td>Dimensions, construction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dashed<\/td><td>- - - -<\/td><td>Hidden edges<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dotted<\/td><td>. . . .<\/td><td>Center lines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Line Conventions<\/h3><ul><li>Horizontal: Drawn left to right<\/li><li>Vertical: Drawn top to bottom<\/li><li>Slanting: 45\u00b0 angle<\/li><li>Curved: Arc or smooth curves<\/li><\/ul><h3>Technical Lettering<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Height:<\/strong> 3.5mm for titles, 2.5mm for notes<\/li><li><strong>Style:<\/strong> Vertical or italic<\/li><li><strong>Spacing:<\/strong> Even gaps between letters<\/li><\/ul><h3>Lettering Practice<\/h3><p>Practice capital and lowercase letters to develop consistent style.<\/p><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Draw lines and practice lettering repeatedly<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-3\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 3<\/div><h2>Orthographic Projection<\/h2><p>Multiple Views Method<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Projection Concept<\/h3><p>Orthographic projection shows 3D object in 2D using multiple views (front, top, side).<\/p><h3>First Angle vs Third Angle<\/h3><ul><li><strong>First Angle:<\/strong> View opposite to quadrant (Europe)<\/li><li><strong>Third Angle:<\/strong> View in same quadrant (USA)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Standard Views<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"340\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 340\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Orthographic Projection - Three Views (Third Angle)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"220\" y=\"50\" width=\"160\" height=\"80\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"260\" y1=\"50\" x2=\"260\" y2=\"130\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"340\" y1=\"50\" x2=\"340\" y2=\"130\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"95\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">TOP VIEW<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Length \u00d7 Width)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"220\" y=\"180\" width=\"160\" height=\"120\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"260\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"260\" y2=\"300\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"265\" y=\"220\" width=\"70\" height=\"40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"250\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">FRONT VIEW<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"320\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Length \u00d7 Height)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"420\" y=\"180\" width=\"100\" height=\"120\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"220\" width=\"60\" height=\"40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"250\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\" writing-mode=\"tb\">SIDE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"320\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Width \u00d7 Height)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"300\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"380\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"420\" y2=\"240\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,3\"\/>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"240\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"245\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Hidden Lines<\/text>\r\n<\/svg>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>View<\/th><th>Shows<\/th><th>Position<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Front<\/td><td>Length, height<\/td><td>Center<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Top<\/td><td>Length, width<\/td><td>Above front<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Right Side<\/td><td>Width, height<\/td><td>Right of front<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Hidden Lines<\/h3><p>Dashed lines show features not visible in that view.<\/p><h3>Projection Techniques<\/h3><ul><li>Project vertically between front and top<\/li><li>Project horizontally between front and side<\/li><li>Use 45\u00b0 line for profile<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Create orthographic views from 3D models<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-4\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 4<\/div><h2>Dimensioning<\/h2><p>Adding Measurements<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Dimensioning Rules<\/h3><ul><li>Dimensions placed outside views<\/li><li>Use thin lines for dimension lines<\/li><li>Place dimension at midpoint of line<\/li><li>Keep dimensions aligned<\/li><li>Include units (mm, cm, inch)<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"240\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 240\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Dimensioning Example<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"80\" width=\"300\" height=\"120\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"50\" x2=\"450\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"45\" x2=\"150\" y2=\"55\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"450\" y1=\"45\" x2=\"450\" y2=\"55\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"155,50 145,47 145,53\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"445,50 455,47 455,53\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"42\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">300<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"480\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"480\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"475\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"485\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"475\" y1=\"200\" x2=\"485\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"480,85 477,75 483,75\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"480,195 477,205 483,205\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"510\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">120<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"150\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"450\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"450\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"460\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"480\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"460\" y1=\"200\" x2=\"480\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"55\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#17a589\" font-weight=\"600\">Dimension Line<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"95\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#17a589\" font-weight=\"600\">Extension Line<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"140\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"140\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"150\" y2=\"65\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n<\/svg><h3>Dimension Types<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Linear:<\/strong> Length, width, height<\/li><li><strong>Angular:<\/strong> Angles in degrees<\/li><li><strong>Radial:<\/strong> Radius or diameter<\/li><\/ul><h3>Dimensioning Standards<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Element<\/th><th>Standard<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Dimension Line<\/td><td>Thin, parallel to feature<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Extension Line<\/td><td>Thin, perpendicular<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arrowheads<\/td><td>Precise, same size<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Best Practices<\/h3><ul><li>Avoid dimension duplication<\/li><li>Dimension related features together<\/li><li>Use chain or baseline dimensioning<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Dimension various engineering drawings<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-5\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 5<\/div><h2>Engineering Symbols<\/h2><p>Standard Notations<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Common Symbols<\/h3><ul><li><strong>\u00d8:<\/strong> Diameter<\/li><li><strong>R:<\/strong> Radius<\/li><li><strong>\u25a1:<\/strong> Square<\/li><li><strong>\u2220:<\/strong> Angle<\/li><li><strong>\u221f:<\/strong> Perpendicular<\/li><\/ul><h3>Surface Finish Symbols<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Rough:<\/strong> Coarse surface<\/li><li><strong>Smooth:<\/strong> Fine surface finish<\/li><li><strong>Ra values:<\/strong> Surface roughness in micrometers<\/li><\/ul><h3>Welding Symbols<\/h3><ul><li>Butt weld<\/li><li>Fillet weld<\/li><li>Lap weld<\/li><li>Groove weld<\/li><\/ul><h3>Tolerance Symbols<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Symbol<\/th><th>Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>H7<\/td><td>Hole tolerance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>g6<\/td><td>Shaft tolerance<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Apply symbols correctly in drawings<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-6\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 6<\/div><h2>CAD Basics<\/h2><p>Computer-Aided Drawing<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>CAD Software<\/h3><ul><li><strong>AutoCAD:<\/strong> Industry standard<\/li><li><strong>SolidWorks:<\/strong> 3D modeling<\/li><li><strong>CATIA:<\/strong> Advanced design<\/li><li><strong>LibreCAD:<\/strong> Free alternative<\/li><\/ul><h3>CAD Advantages<\/h3><ul><li>Precision and accuracy<\/li><li>Easy modifications<\/li><li>Rapid prototyping<\/li><li> 2D and 3D capabilities<\/li><li>Database management<\/li><\/ul><h3>Basic CAD Tools<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Line tool:<\/strong> Draw straight lines<\/li><li><strong>Circle tool:<\/strong> Draw circles<\/li><li><strong>Rectangle tool:<\/strong> Draw rectangles<\/li><li><strong>Trim tool:<\/strong> Remove excess lines<\/li><li><strong>Offset tool:<\/strong> Parallel lines<\/li><\/ul><h3>Workflow<\/h3><ul><li>Set up drawing (scale, units)<\/li><li>Draw geometry<\/li><li>Add dimensions<\/li><li>Apply symbols<\/li><li>Export\/Print<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Learn CAD software basics<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-7\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 7<\/div><h2>Sectional Views<\/h2><p>Interior Details<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Why Section Views?<\/h3><p>Show interior features not visible in normal orthographic views.<\/p><h3>Types of Sections<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Full Section:<\/strong> Complete cutting plane<\/li><li><strong>Half Section:<\/strong> Cut half the object<\/li><li><strong>Offset Section:<\/strong> Non-aligned cutting plane<\/li><li><strong>Broken Section:<\/strong> Remove portion<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"260\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 260\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Section View - Full Section with Hatching<\/text>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1c2833\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Normal View<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"80\" y=\"70\" width=\"140\" height=\"100\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"150\" cy=\"120\" r=\"25\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"220\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"125\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#f0b127\">A<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"230\" y=\"125\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#f0b127\">A<\/text>\r\n <polygon points=\"210,120 220,117 220,123\" fill=\"#f0b127\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"90,120 80,117 80,123\" fill=\"#f0b127\"\/>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1c2833\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Section A-A<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"70\" width=\"180\" height=\"100\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n \r\n <circle cx=\"450\" cy=\"120\" r=\"25\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n \r\n <defs>\r\n <pattern id=\"hatch\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" patternTransform=\"rotate(45)\">\r\n <line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"8\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <\/pattern>\r\n <\/defs>\r\n <path d=\"M 360 70 L 540 70 L 540 170 L 360 170 Z M 475 120 A 25 25 0 0 0 425 120 A 25 25 0 0 0 475 120\" fill=\"url(#hatch)\"\/>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"210\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Hatching shows cut material<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(45\u00b0 lines spaced evenly)<\/text>\r\n<\/svg><h3>Section Lines (Hatching)<\/h3><ul><li>45\u00b0 diagonal lines<\/li><li>Thin, evenly spaced<\/li><li>Different patterns for different materials<\/li><\/ul><h3>Section Plane Indication<\/h3><ul><li>Show cutting line in view<\/li><li>Label with A-A, B-B<\/li><li>Arrow shows viewing direction<\/li><\/ul><h3>Material Representation<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Material<\/th><th>Pattern<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Steel<\/td><td>45\u00b0 diagonal lines<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aluminum<\/td><td>Dots and dashes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wood<\/td><td>Diagonal lines with cross<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Create section views and apply hatching<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-8\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 8<\/div><h2>Detail Drawing and Assembly<\/h2><p>Complete Technical Documentation<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Detail Drawing Components<\/h3><ul><li>Multiple orthographic views<\/li><li>All necessary dimensions<\/li><li>Surface finish symbols<\/li><li>Tolerance information<\/li><li>Assembly notes<\/li><\/ul><h3>Title Block Information<\/h3><ul><li>Drawing number<\/li><li>Title<\/li><li>Scale<\/li><li>Date<\/li><li>Designer name<\/li><li>Approver<\/li><\/ul><h3>Assembly Drawing<\/h3><ul><li>Shows how parts fit together<\/li><li>Part numbers and quantities<\/li><li>Bill of Materials (BOM)<\/li><li>Assembly sequence notes<\/li><\/ul><h3>Drawing Checklist<\/h3><ul><li>All views clear and correct<\/li><li>Dimensions complete and accurate<\/li><li>Symbols properly applied<\/li><li>Title block filled<\/li><li>Notes and instructions clear<\/li><li>Checked by qualified person<\/li><\/ul><h3>Documentation Standards<\/h3><p>Follow ISO 128, BS 308 or relevant national standards.<\/p><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Create complete detail and assembly drawings<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"congrats\"><h2>\u2728 Congratulations!<\/h2><p>You've completed Technical Drawing! Create precise plans and blueprints with confidence.<\/p><\/div><\/main><\/div>\r\n<button id=\"back-top\" onclick=\"window.scrollTo({top:0,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2191<\/button>\r\n<script>const progress=document.getElementById('progress');window.addEventListener('scroll',()=>{const scrollPercent=(window.scrollY\/(document.documentElement.scrollHeight-window.innerHeight))*100;progress.style.width=scrollPercent+'%';document.getElementById('back-top').classList.toggle('visible',window.scrollY>400);});document.querySelectorAll('.unit').forEach(unit=>{const observer=new IntersectionObserver(entries=>{entries.forEach(entry=>{if(entry.isIntersecting){const id=entry.target.id;document.querySelectorAll('.toc-list a').forEach(a=>{a.classList.toggle('active',a.href.endsWith(id));});}});},{rootMargin:'-20% 0px -70% 0px'});observer.observe(unit);});<\/script>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Technical Drawing (113) \u2013 DAE Mechanical 1st Year \u2013 Pak Notes Hub Pak Notes HubBasicsProjectionsCAD \u270f\ufe0f DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 113 Technical DrawingComplete Notes \u2014 Easy English Orthographic Projection \u00b7 Dimensioning \u00b7 Engineering Symbols \u00b7 CAD Basics \u00b7 Complete Curriculum Drawing StandardsOrthographic ViewsTechnical CAD \ud83d\udcd0 Table of Contents 1 Drawing Basics […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_angie_page":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=654"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":658,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions\/658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}

\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t

\n\t\t\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\r\n Technical Drawing (113) \u2013 DAE Mechanical 1st Year \u2013 Pak Notes Hub<\/title>\r\n <link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Inter:wght@400;500;600;700&family=Fira+Code:wght@400;500&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\"\/><style>*,*::before,*::after{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0;}:root{--green:#1a7a4a;--green-dark:#145f38;--green-light:#e8f5ee;--teal:#17a589;--accent:#f0b127;--dark:#1c2833;--mid:#566573;--light:#f4f6f7;--code-bg:#f0f4f8;--code-border:#2e86c1;--note-bg:#fef9e7;--note-border:#f0b127;--white:#ffffff;--radius:10px;--shadow:0 4px 24px rgba(26,122,74,.10);}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;}body{font-family:'Inter',sans-serif;background:#f2f6f3;color:var(--dark);line-height:1.7;font-size:15px;}nav{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:100;background:var(--green-dark);padding:0 2rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;height:56px;box-shadow:0 2px 12px rgba(0,0,0,.25);}.nav-brand{color:#fff;font-weight:700;font-size:1.05rem;}.nav-brand span{color:#a9dfbf;}.nav-links{display:flex;gap:1.2rem;}.nav-links a{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:.85rem;font-weight:500;text-decoration:none;transition:color .2s;}.nav-links a:hover{color:#fff;}.hero{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--green) 0%,#145f38 60%,#0d4527 100%);padding:5rem 2rem 4rem;text-align:center;position:relative;overflow:hidden;}.hero::before{content:'\u270f\ufe0f';position:absolute;right:6%;top:50%;transform:translateY(-50%);font-size:8rem;color:rgba(255,255,255,.06);pointer-events:none;}.hero-tag{display:inline-block;background:rgba(255,255,255,.12);color:#a9dfbf;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:600;letter-spacing:1.5px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.35rem 1rem;border-radius:100px;margin-bottom:1.2rem;border:1px solid rgba(169,223,163,.3);}.hero h1{color:#fff;font-size:clamp(1.8rem,5vw,3rem);font-weight:700;line-height:1.15;margin-bottom:.8rem;}.hero h1 span{color:#a9dfbf;}.hero p{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:1.05rem;max-width:580px;margin:0 auto 2rem;}.hero-pills{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;justify-content:center;gap:.7rem;}.pill{background:rgba(255,255,255,.13);color:#e8f5ee;padding:.45rem 1.1rem;border-radius:100px;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:500;border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.18);}.page-wrap{max-width:940px;margin:0 auto;padding:2.5rem 1.5rem 4rem;display:grid;grid-template-columns:235px 1fr;gap:2.5rem;align-items:start;}.sidebar{position:sticky;top:72px;background:var(--white);border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:var(--shadow);overflow:hidden;}.sidebar-title{background:var(--green);color:#fff;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1.2px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;}.toc-list{list-style:none;padding:.5rem 0;max-height:calc(100vh - 130px);overflow-y:auto;}.toc-list li a{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.55rem;padding:.4rem 1.1rem;color:var(--mid);font-size:.81rem;font-weight:500;text-decoration:none;transition:all .18s;border-left:3px solid transparent;}.toc-list li a:hover,.toc-list li a.active{color:var(--green);background:var(--green-light);border-left-color:var(--green);}.toc-num{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;min-width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:4px;background:var(--green-light);color:var(--green);font-size:.7rem;font-weight:700;flex-shrink:0;}.toc-list li a.active .toc-num{background:var(--green);color:#fff;}.unit{background:var(--white);border-radius:var(--radius);box-shadow:var(--shadow);margin-bottom:2.5rem;overflow:hidden;scroll-margin-top:72px;}.unit-header{background:linear-gradient(100deg,var(--green) 0%,#1d9560 100%);padding:1.4rem 1.8rem;}.unit-num-badge{background:rgba(255,255,255,.18);color:#a9dfbf;font-size:.72rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:1px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:.3rem .75rem;border-radius:100px;}.unit-header h2{color:#fff;font-size:1.25rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.25;margin-top:.35rem;}.unit-header p{color:#c8f0d8;font-size:.85rem;margin-top:.2rem;}.unit-body{padding:1.8rem;}.unit-body h3{font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;color:var(--green);margin:1.6rem 0 .7rem;padding-left:.85rem;border-left:3px solid var(--green);line-height:1.3;}.unit-body h3:first-child{margin-top:0;}.unit-body p{color:var(--dark);margin-bottom:.7rem;}.unit-body ul{list-style:none;padding:0;margin:.5rem 0 1rem;}.unit-body ul li{padding:.3rem 0 .3rem 1.5rem;position:relative;color:var(--dark);font-size:.93rem;}.unit-body ul li::before{content:'\u27a4';position:absolute;left:0;color:var(--teal);font-size:.75rem;top:.45rem;}.data-table{width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;margin:.9rem 0 1.2rem;font-size:.87rem;border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 1px 6px rgba(0,0,0,.06);}.data-table thead th{background:var(--green);color:#fff;padding:.7rem 1rem;text-align:left;font-weight:600;font-size:.82rem;}.data-table tbody tr:nth-child(even){background:var(--green-light);}.data-table tbody tr:hover{background:#d4efdf;}.data-table td{padding:.6rem 1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #dce8e0;vertical-align:top;}.data-table td:first-child{font-weight:600;color:var(--green-dark);}.info-box{background:var(--note-bg);border:1px solid var(--note-border);border-radius:7px;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;margin:.9rem 0;font-size:.88rem;line-height:1.6;color:#7d6608;display:flex;align-items:flex-start;gap:.7rem;}.practice{background:var(--green-light);border:1.5px dashed var(--green);border-radius:8px;padding:.85rem 1.1rem;margin-top:1.4rem;color:var(--green-dark);font-size:.88rem;font-weight:500;}.congrats{background:linear-gradient(135deg,var(--green) 0%,#145f38 100%);border-radius:var(--radius);padding:2.5rem 2rem;text-align:center;color:#fff;margin-bottom:2.5rem;box-shadow:var(--shadow);}.congrats h2{font-size:1.8rem;margin-bottom:.5rem;}.congrats p{color:#d5f5e3;font-size:1rem;}.progress-bar{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:3px;background:var(--accent);z-index:200;transition:width .1s linear;width:0%;}#back-top{position:fixed;bottom:2rem;right:2rem;background:var(--green);color:#fff;width:42px;height:42px;border-radius:50%;border:none;cursor:pointer;font-size:1.1rem;box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(26,122,74,.35);display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;opacity:0;transition:opacity .25s,transform .25s;pointer-events:none;}#back-top.visible{opacity:1;pointer-events:auto;}#back-top:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);}@media(max-width:720px){.page-wrap{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.sidebar{position:static;display:none;}.hero::before{display:none;}nav .nav-links{display:none;}}<\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n<div class=\"progress-bar\" id=\"progress\"><\/div>\r\n<nav><div class=\"nav-brand\">Pak <span>Notes Hub<\/span><\/div><div class=\"nav-links\"><a href=\"#unit-1\">Basics<\/a><a href=\"#unit-3\">Projections<\/a><a href=\"#unit-6\">CAD<\/a><\/div><\/nav>\r\n<section class=\"hero\"><div class=\"hero-tag\">\u270f\ufe0f DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 113<\/div><h1>Technical Drawing<br\/><span>Complete Notes \u2014 Easy English<\/span><\/h1><p>Orthographic Projection \u00b7 Dimensioning \u00b7 Engineering Symbols \u00b7 CAD Basics \u00b7 Complete Curriculum<\/p><div class=\"hero-pills\"><div class=\"pill\">Drawing Standards<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Orthographic Views<\/div><div class=\"pill\">Technical CAD<\/div><\/div><\/section>\r\n<div class=\"page-wrap\"><aside class=\"sidebar\"><div class=\"sidebar-title\">\ud83d\udcd0 Table of Contents<\/div><ul class=\"toc-list\"><li><a href=\"#unit-1\"><span class=\"toc-num\">1<\/span> Drawing Basics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-2\"><span class=\"toc-num\">2<\/span> Lines & Lettering<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-3\"><span class=\"toc-num\">3<\/span> Orthographic<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-4\"><span class=\"toc-num\">4<\/span> Dimensioning<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-5\"><span class=\"toc-num\">5<\/span> Symbols<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-6\"><span class=\"toc-num\">6<\/span> CAD Basics<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-7\"><span class=\"toc-num\">7<\/span> Sectional Views<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#unit-8\"><span class=\"toc-num\">8<\/span> Detail Drawing<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/aside><main><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-1\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 1<\/div><h2>Drawing Fundamentals<\/h2><p>Basic Concepts and Tools<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Drawing Definition<\/h3><p>Technical drawing is a precise way to show objects using lines, symbols, and dimensions.<\/p><h3>Types of Technical Drawings<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Freehand Sketches:<\/strong> Quick ideas without instruments<\/li><li><strong>Mechanical Drawings:<\/strong> Precise with scales and instruments<\/li><li><strong>CAD Drawings:<\/strong> Created using computer software<\/li><\/ul><h3>Drawing Tools<\/h3><ul><li>Pencils (HB, H, 2H for different line weights)<\/li><li>Compass (circles and arcs)<\/li><li>Ruler and scale (measurements)<\/li><li>Set square (angles)<\/li><li>Protractor (angle measurement)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Standards and Scales<\/h3><ul><li><strong>ISO Standards:<\/strong> International drawing standards<\/li><li><strong>Common Scales:<\/strong> 1:1 (full size), 1:2, 1:10, 2:1<\/li><\/ul><h3>Paper Sizes<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Size<\/th><th>Dimensions (mm)<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>A4<\/td><td>210 \u00d7 297<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A3<\/td><td>297 \u00d7 420<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>A2<\/td><td>420 \u00d7 594<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Draw with proper tools and maintain standards<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-2\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 2<\/div><h2>Lines and Lettering<\/h2><p>Drawing Elements<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Line Types and Uses<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"300\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 300\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Standard Line Types in Technical Drawing<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"70\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"4\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"75\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Continuous Thick - Visible Edges<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"110\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"110\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"115\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Continuous Thin - Dimensions<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"150\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"150\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"15,8\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"155\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Dashed - Hidden Edges<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"190\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"190\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"30,5,5,5\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"195\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Chain (Dot-Dash) - Center Lines<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"230\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"230\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"3\" stroke-dasharray=\"40,5,5,5,5,5\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"235\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Chain Thick - Cutting Plane<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"270\" x2=\"380\" y2=\"270\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\" stroke-dasharray=\"2,3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"400\" y=\"275\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"600\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Dotted - Construction Lines<\/text>\r\n<\/svg>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Line Type<\/th><th>Appearance<\/th><th>Use<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Continuous Thick<\/td><td>Solid, bold<\/td><td>Visible edges<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Continuous Thin<\/td><td>Solid, fine<\/td><td>Dimensions, construction<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dashed<\/td><td>- - - -<\/td><td>Hidden edges<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dotted<\/td><td>. . . .<\/td><td>Center lines<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Line Conventions<\/h3><ul><li>Horizontal: Drawn left to right<\/li><li>Vertical: Drawn top to bottom<\/li><li>Slanting: 45\u00b0 angle<\/li><li>Curved: Arc or smooth curves<\/li><\/ul><h3>Technical Lettering<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Height:<\/strong> 3.5mm for titles, 2.5mm for notes<\/li><li><strong>Style:<\/strong> Vertical or italic<\/li><li><strong>Spacing:<\/strong> Even gaps between letters<\/li><\/ul><h3>Lettering Practice<\/h3><p>Practice capital and lowercase letters to develop consistent style.<\/p><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Draw lines and practice lettering repeatedly<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-3\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 3<\/div><h2>Orthographic Projection<\/h2><p>Multiple Views Method<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Projection Concept<\/h3><p>Orthographic projection shows 3D object in 2D using multiple views (front, top, side).<\/p><h3>First Angle vs Third Angle<\/h3><ul><li><strong>First Angle:<\/strong> View opposite to quadrant (Europe)<\/li><li><strong>Third Angle:<\/strong> View in same quadrant (USA)<\/li><\/ul><h3>Standard Views<\/h3>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"340\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 340\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Orthographic Projection - Three Views (Third Angle)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"220\" y=\"50\" width=\"160\" height=\"80\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"260\" y1=\"50\" x2=\"260\" y2=\"130\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"340\" y1=\"50\" x2=\"340\" y2=\"130\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"95\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">TOP VIEW<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Length \u00d7 Width)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"220\" y=\"180\" width=\"160\" height=\"120\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"260\" y1=\"180\" x2=\"260\" y2=\"300\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"265\" y=\"220\" width=\"70\" height=\"40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"250\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">FRONT VIEW<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"320\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Length \u00d7 Height)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"420\" y=\"180\" width=\"100\" height=\"120\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n <rect x=\"440\" y=\"220\" width=\"60\" height=\"40\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"250\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\" writing-mode=\"tb\">SIDE<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"470\" y=\"320\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(Width \u00d7 Height)<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"300\" y1=\"130\" x2=\"300\" y2=\"180\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"380\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"420\" y2=\"240\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"1.5\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,3\"\/>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"60\" y1=\"240\" x2=\"140\" y2=\"240\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"4,2\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"245\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#1c2833\">Hidden Lines<\/text>\r\n<\/svg>\r\n\r\n<table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>View<\/th><th>Shows<\/th><th>Position<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Front<\/td><td>Length, height<\/td><td>Center<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Top<\/td><td>Length, width<\/td><td>Above front<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Right Side<\/td><td>Width, height<\/td><td>Right of front<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Hidden Lines<\/h3><p>Dashed lines show features not visible in that view.<\/p><h3>Projection Techniques<\/h3><ul><li>Project vertically between front and top<\/li><li>Project horizontally between front and side<\/li><li>Use 45\u00b0 line for profile<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Create orthographic views from 3D models<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-4\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 4<\/div><h2>Dimensioning<\/h2><p>Adding Measurements<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Dimensioning Rules<\/h3><ul><li>Dimensions placed outside views<\/li><li>Use thin lines for dimension lines<\/li><li>Place dimension at midpoint of line<\/li><li>Keep dimensions aligned<\/li><li>Include units (mm, cm, inch)<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"240\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 240\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Dimensioning Example<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"150\" y=\"80\" width=\"300\" height=\"120\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"50\" x2=\"450\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"45\" x2=\"150\" y2=\"55\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"450\" y1=\"45\" x2=\"450\" y2=\"55\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"155,50 145,47 145,53\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"445,50 455,47 455,53\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"42\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">300<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"480\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"480\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"475\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"485\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"475\" y1=\"200\" x2=\"485\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1.5\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"480,85 477,75 483,75\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"480,195 477,205 483,205\" fill=\"#566573\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"510\" y=\"145\" font-size=\"14\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1a7a4a\" text-anchor=\"middle\">120<\/text>\r\n \r\n <line x1=\"150\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"150\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"450\" y1=\"70\" x2=\"450\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"460\" y1=\"80\" x2=\"480\" y2=\"80\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"460\" y1=\"200\" x2=\"480\" y2=\"200\" stroke=\"#566573\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"55\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#17a589\" font-weight=\"600\">Dimension Line<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"80\" y=\"95\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#17a589\" font-weight=\"600\">Extension Line<\/text>\r\n <line x1=\"140\" y1=\"58\" x2=\"200\" y2=\"50\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"140\" y1=\"88\" x2=\"150\" y2=\"65\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n<\/svg><h3>Dimension Types<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Linear:<\/strong> Length, width, height<\/li><li><strong>Angular:<\/strong> Angles in degrees<\/li><li><strong>Radial:<\/strong> Radius or diameter<\/li><\/ul><h3>Dimensioning Standards<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Element<\/th><th>Standard<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Dimension Line<\/td><td>Thin, parallel to feature<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Extension Line<\/td><td>Thin, perpendicular<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Arrowheads<\/td><td>Precise, same size<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><h3>Best Practices<\/h3><ul><li>Avoid dimension duplication<\/li><li>Dimension related features together<\/li><li>Use chain or baseline dimensioning<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Dimension various engineering drawings<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-5\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 5<\/div><h2>Engineering Symbols<\/h2><p>Standard Notations<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Common Symbols<\/h3><ul><li><strong>\u00d8:<\/strong> Diameter<\/li><li><strong>R:<\/strong> Radius<\/li><li><strong>\u25a1:<\/strong> Square<\/li><li><strong>\u2220:<\/strong> Angle<\/li><li><strong>\u221f:<\/strong> Perpendicular<\/li><\/ul><h3>Surface Finish Symbols<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Rough:<\/strong> Coarse surface<\/li><li><strong>Smooth:<\/strong> Fine surface finish<\/li><li><strong>Ra values:<\/strong> Surface roughness in micrometers<\/li><\/ul><h3>Welding Symbols<\/h3><ul><li>Butt weld<\/li><li>Fillet weld<\/li><li>Lap weld<\/li><li>Groove weld<\/li><\/ul><h3>Tolerance Symbols<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Symbol<\/th><th>Meaning<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>H7<\/td><td>Hole tolerance<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>g6<\/td><td>Shaft tolerance<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Apply symbols correctly in drawings<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-6\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 6<\/div><h2>CAD Basics<\/h2><p>Computer-Aided Drawing<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>CAD Software<\/h3><ul><li><strong>AutoCAD:<\/strong> Industry standard<\/li><li><strong>SolidWorks:<\/strong> 3D modeling<\/li><li><strong>CATIA:<\/strong> Advanced design<\/li><li><strong>LibreCAD:<\/strong> Free alternative<\/li><\/ul><h3>CAD Advantages<\/h3><ul><li>Precision and accuracy<\/li><li>Easy modifications<\/li><li>Rapid prototyping<\/li><li> 2D and 3D capabilities<\/li><li>Database management<\/li><\/ul><h3>Basic CAD Tools<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Line tool:<\/strong> Draw straight lines<\/li><li><strong>Circle tool:<\/strong> Draw circles<\/li><li><strong>Rectangle tool:<\/strong> Draw rectangles<\/li><li><strong>Trim tool:<\/strong> Remove excess lines<\/li><li><strong>Offset tool:<\/strong> Parallel lines<\/li><\/ul><h3>Workflow<\/h3><ul><li>Set up drawing (scale, units)<\/li><li>Draw geometry<\/li><li>Add dimensions<\/li><li>Apply symbols<\/li><li>Export\/Print<\/li><\/ul><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Learn CAD software basics<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-7\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 7<\/div><h2>Sectional Views<\/h2><p>Interior Details<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Why Section Views?<\/h3><p>Show interior features not visible in normal orthographic views.<\/p><h3>Types of Sections<\/h3><ul><li><strong>Full Section:<\/strong> Complete cutting plane<\/li><li><strong>Half Section:<\/strong> Cut half the object<\/li><li><strong>Offset Section:<\/strong> Non-aligned cutting plane<\/li><li><strong>Broken Section:<\/strong> Remove portion<\/li><\/ul>\r\n\r\n<svg width=\"100%\" height=\"260\" viewBox=\"0 0 600 260\" style=\"margin:1rem 0;background:#f8fffe;border-radius:8px;border:2px solid #a2d9b5;\">\r\n <text x=\"300\" y=\"25\" font-size=\"16\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#145f38\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Section View - Full Section with Hatching<\/text>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"150\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1c2833\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Normal View<\/text>\r\n <rect x=\"80\" y=\"70\" width=\"140\" height=\"100\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n <circle cx=\"150\" cy=\"120\" r=\"25\" fill=\"none\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"5,3\"\/>\r\n <line x1=\"80\" y1=\"120\" x2=\"220\" y2=\"120\" stroke=\"#f0b127\" stroke-width=\"2\" stroke-dasharray=\"3,3\"\/>\r\n <text x=\"70\" y=\"125\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#f0b127\">A<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"230\" y=\"125\" font-size=\"12\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#f0b127\">A<\/text>\r\n <polygon points=\"210,120 220,117 220,123\" fill=\"#f0b127\"\/>\r\n <polygon points=\"90,120 80,117 80,123\" fill=\"#f0b127\"\/>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"60\" font-size=\"13\" font-weight=\"700\" fill=\"#1c2833\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Section A-A<\/text>\r\n \r\n <rect x=\"360\" y=\"70\" width=\"180\" height=\"100\" fill=\"#e8f5ee\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"3\"\/>\r\n \r\n <circle cx=\"450\" cy=\"120\" r=\"25\" fill=\"#fff\" stroke=\"#1a7a4a\" stroke-width=\"2.5\"\/>\r\n \r\n <defs>\r\n <pattern id=\"hatch\" patternUnits=\"userSpaceOnUse\" width=\"8\" height=\"8\" patternTransform=\"rotate(45)\">\r\n <line x1=\"0\" y1=\"0\" x2=\"0\" y2=\"8\" stroke=\"#17a589\" stroke-width=\"1\"\/>\r\n <\/pattern>\r\n <\/defs>\r\n <path d=\"M 360 70 L 540 70 L 540 170 L 360 170 Z M 475 120 A 25 25 0 0 0 425 120 A 25 25 0 0 0 475 120\" fill=\"url(#hatch)\"\/>\r\n \r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"210\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">Hatching shows cut material<\/text>\r\n <text x=\"450\" y=\"230\" font-size=\"12\" fill=\"#566573\" text-anchor=\"middle\">(45\u00b0 lines spaced evenly)<\/text>\r\n<\/svg><h3>Section Lines (Hatching)<\/h3><ul><li>45\u00b0 diagonal lines<\/li><li>Thin, evenly spaced<\/li><li>Different patterns for different materials<\/li><\/ul><h3>Section Plane Indication<\/h3><ul><li>Show cutting line in view<\/li><li>Label with A-A, B-B<\/li><li>Arrow shows viewing direction<\/li><\/ul><h3>Material Representation<\/h3><table class=\"data-table\"><thead><tr><th>Material<\/th><th>Pattern<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Steel<\/td><td>45\u00b0 diagonal lines<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Aluminum<\/td><td>Dots and dashes<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Wood<\/td><td>Diagonal lines with cross<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Create section views and apply hatching<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"unit\" id=\"unit-8\"><div class=\"unit-header\"><div class=\"unit-num-badge\">Unit 8<\/div><h2>Detail Drawing and Assembly<\/h2><p>Complete Technical Documentation<\/p><\/div><div class=\"unit-body\"><h3>Detail Drawing Components<\/h3><ul><li>Multiple orthographic views<\/li><li>All necessary dimensions<\/li><li>Surface finish symbols<\/li><li>Tolerance information<\/li><li>Assembly notes<\/li><\/ul><h3>Title Block Information<\/h3><ul><li>Drawing number<\/li><li>Title<\/li><li>Scale<\/li><li>Date<\/li><li>Designer name<\/li><li>Approver<\/li><\/ul><h3>Assembly Drawing<\/h3><ul><li>Shows how parts fit together<\/li><li>Part numbers and quantities<\/li><li>Bill of Materials (BOM)<\/li><li>Assembly sequence notes<\/li><\/ul><h3>Drawing Checklist<\/h3><ul><li>All views clear and correct<\/li><li>Dimensions complete and accurate<\/li><li>Symbols properly applied<\/li><li>Title block filled<\/li><li>Notes and instructions clear<\/li><li>Checked by qualified person<\/li><\/ul><h3>Documentation Standards<\/h3><p>Follow ISO 128, BS 308 or relevant national standards.<\/p><div class=\"practice\"><strong>\u270f\ufe0f Practice:<\/strong> Create complete detail and assembly drawings<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"congrats\"><h2>\u2728 Congratulations!<\/h2><p>You've completed Technical Drawing! Create precise plans and blueprints with confidence.<\/p><\/div><\/main><\/div>\r\n<button id=\"back-top\" onclick=\"window.scrollTo({top:0,behavior:'smooth'})\">\u2191<\/button>\r\n<script>const progress=document.getElementById('progress');window.addEventListener('scroll',()=>{const scrollPercent=(window.scrollY\/(document.documentElement.scrollHeight-window.innerHeight))*100;progress.style.width=scrollPercent+'%';document.getElementById('back-top').classList.toggle('visible',window.scrollY>400);});document.querySelectorAll('.unit').forEach(unit=>{const observer=new IntersectionObserver(entries=>{entries.forEach(entry=>{if(entry.isIntersecting){const id=entry.target.id;document.querySelectorAll('.toc-list a').forEach(a=>{a.classList.toggle('active',a.href.endsWith(id));});}});},{rootMargin:'-20% 0px -70% 0px'});observer.observe(unit);});<\/script>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Technical Drawing (113) \u2013 DAE Mechanical 1st Year \u2013 Pak Notes Hub Pak Notes HubBasicsProjectionsCAD \u270f\ufe0f DAE Mechanical \u2014 1st Year \u2014 Subject Code 113 Technical DrawingComplete Notes \u2014 Easy English Orthographic Projection \u00b7 Dimensioning \u00b7 Engineering Symbols \u00b7 CAD Basics \u00b7 Complete Curriculum Drawing StandardsOrthographic ViewsTechnical CAD \ud83d\udcd0 Table of Contents 1 Drawing Basics […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_angie_page":false,"page_builder":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=654"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":658,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/654\/revisions\/658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/paknoteshub.online\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}